A New Era: Russia – China Partnership
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Joint Statement of the Russian Federation and the People's Republic of China on Deepening the Comprehensive Partnership and Strategic Cooperation Entering a New Era, in the Context of the 75th Anniversary of the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations Between the Two Countries.
At the invitation of the President of the People's Republic of China, Xi Jinping, the President of the Russian Federation, Vladimir Putin, paid a state visit to the People's Republic of China from May 16 to 17, 2024. Full-scale talks between the heads of state were held in Beijing. The leaders jointly participated in the opening ceremony of the Russia-China Years of Culture for 2024 and 2025 and attended a concert dedicated to the 75th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations between the two countries. The head of the Russian state held a meeting with the Premier of the State Council of the People's Republic of China, Li Qiang.
President of Russia Vladimir Putin also travelled to Harbin, wherehe participated in the opening ceremony of the 8th Russia-China EXPO.
The Russian Federation and the People's Republic of China, hereinafter referred to as the Parties, declare the following.
In 2024, Russia and China solemnly celebrate the 75th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations between the two countries. Over three quarters of a century, bilateral relations have traversed a significant and sometimes challenging path. The USSR was the first country in the world to recognize the People's Republic of China and establish diplomatic relations with it. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the People's Republic of China recognized the Russian Federation as the successor to the USSR and reaffirmed its readiness to build Russian-Chinese relations on the basis of equality, mutual respect, and mutually beneficial cooperation. The signing of the Treaty of Good-Neighborliness, Friendship, and Cooperation between the Russian Federation and the People's Republic of China on July 16, 2001, created a solid foundation for the sustainable comprehensive strengthening of Russian-Chinese relations, the status of which has consistently risen, reaching the highest level of comprehensive partnership and strategic interaction in a new era in their entire history. Thanks to the consistent efforts of both sides, they are dynamically and deeply developing in line with the national interests of the two countries in the spirit of eternal good neighborliness and friendship.
The parties note that modern Russian-Chinese relations represent a more advanced form of interstate interaction compared to the military-political alliances of the Cold War era. They do not have a bloc or confrontational character.
In the midst of international turbulence, Russian-Chinese relations are not directed against third countries. In the face of swift changes in the world, they dignifyably withstand the trials, demonstrating resilience and stability, experiencing the best period in their history. The parties emphasize that the development of comprehensive partnership and strategic interaction between Russia and China, entering a new era, serves the fundamental interests of both states and their peoples. It is not built on momentary interests or opportunistic calculations. The relations between the two countries have a powerful internal driving force and inherent value. The parties are fully committed to defending their legitimate rights and interests, countering any
attempts to hinder the normal development of bilateral relations, interfering in the internal affairs of both states, or limiting the economic, technological, or foreign policy potential of Russia and China.
The parties reaffirm that they consistently regard each other as priority partners, adhering to the principles of mutual respect, equality, cooperation, and mutual benefit. They are fully committed to the Charter of the United Nations (UN), the basic principles of international law and international interaction, having formed an exemplary model of relations between great powers and neighboring states in the modern world. The parties express readiness to continue deepening
comprehensive strategic cooperation, providing resolute support to each other in defending vital interests, including issues of sovereignty, territorial integrity, security, and development, rationalizing and effectively utilizing the advantages of both countries to ensure security and stability within their states, and promoting national development and revival. The parties intend to carry out high-level mutually beneficial cooperation in a wide range of areas, relying on the provisions of the Treaty of Good-Neighborliness, Friendship, and Cooperation between the Russian Federation and the People's Republic of China of July 16, 2001, as well as on the fundamental principles of interaction contained in joint documents and statements of the parties.
In China, the successful presidential elections in Russia held in March 2024 are welcomed. They are regarded as conducted at a high organizational level, characterized by openness, objectivity, and inclusivity. The outcomes convincingly demonstrate broad support for the state policies pursued by the Russian authorities, a significant part of which includes fostering friendly relations with the People's Republic of China.
The Chinese side vehemently condemns all organizers, perpetrators, and accomplices of the inhumane terrorist act committed on March 22, 2024, in the Moscow region. They declare the absolute unacceptability of attacks against civilian populations and express support for the decisive actions taken by the Russian side to combat terrorist and extremist forces, as well as to maintain peace and stability in the country.
The Russian side confirms its commitment to the principle of "One China", recognizing Taiwan as an integral part of China. It opposes any form of Taiwan independence and firmly supports the actions of the Chinese side to defend its sovereignty, territorial integrity, and reunification of the country. The Chinese side supports the efforts of the Russian side to ensure security and stability, national development and prosperity, sovereignty and territorial integrity, and opposes external interference in Russia's internal affairs.
The parties note the increasing dynamics of global changes, the strengthening of positions, and the growth of real opportunities for Global South states and regional leader countries. The contours of a multipolar world order are becoming more apparent. These objective factors accelerate the redistribution of potential, resources, and development prospects in favor of states with emerging markets and developing countries, promoting the democratization of international relations and international justice. However, states accustomed to thinking in terms of hegemony and power politics seek to undermine the universally recognized world order based on international law, seeking to replace it with a "rules-based order." The parties emphasize the significant positive value of the concepts put forward by the Chinese side, such as building a community with a shared future for humanity and a series of other global initiatives.
As independent hubs in the emerging multipolar world, Russia and China will fully leverage the potential of their bilateral relations to advance this process in a fair and orderly manner, and to democratize international relations. They will consolidate efforts to build a just and rational multipolar world order.
Both sides believe that all states are endowed with rights.
In accordance with national conditions and based on the will of the people to choose their own development model, political, economic, and social systems, the parties oppose interference in the internal affairs of sovereign states, the imposition of unilateral sanctions lacking international legal grounds and not approved by the UN Security Council, as well as the extraterritorial application of national law and the promotion of ideological dividing lines.
The parties note that neocolonialism and hegemony are completely contrary to the trends of the times and call for equal dialogue and the development ofpartnership relations to facilitate contacts and exchange of experiences between civilizations.
The parties will continue to firmly uphold the outcomes of the Second World War and the established post-war order, enshrined in the UN Charter, as well as to resist attempts to deny or distort these outcomes.
The parties note the importance of proper historical education, preservation, and the inadmissibility of desecration or destruction of memorials from the time of the Second World War with fascism. They firmly condemn actions glorifying Nazism and militarism, as well as attempts to revive them. In this context, the parties intend to dignify the upcoming 80th anniversary in 2025 of the Victory of the Soviet Union in the Great Patriotic War and the Victory in the War of
Resistance against Japanese Aggression by the Chinese people. They aim to jointly promote an accurate interpretation of the history of the Second World War.
Building on the leading role of diplomacy, the leaders of both parties will continue to advance the comprehensive partnership and strategic interaction between Russia and China, entering a new era. They will fully contribute to the effective implementation of agreements reached between the heads of state, maintaining close contacts at the highest levels, ensuring the uninterrupted functioning of existing mechanisms of intergovernmental, interregional, and public relations, and actively exploring the opening of new channels of cooperation.
Both parties will continue to develop contacts between the leaders of legislative bodies, strengthen cooperation through the bilateral inter-parliamentary commission, joint parliamentary working groups, relevant committees, and friendship groups between the parliaments of the two countries. They will support exchanges and interactions between the Administration of the President of the Russian Federation and the apparatus of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, as well as fostering a trustful dialogue.
Within consultations on strategic security and issues of public safety, justice, and law enforcement, promoting contacts between political parties and representatives of civil society and academic circles of both countries.
Both parties note with satisfaction that the consistent development of cooperation between the two states in the defense sphere, based on a high level of mutual strategic trust, effectively strengthens regional and global security. Moscow and Beijing will continue to deepen trust and cooperation in the military sphere, expand the scope of joint exercises and combat training, regularly conduct joint maritime and aerial patrols, enhance coordination and cooperation
on a bilateral basis and within multilateral formats, and constantly increase the potential and level of joint response to challenges and threats.
Both parties attach great importance to cooperation. In the law enforcement and security sphere, the parties are interested in consolidating efforts to counter terrorism, separatism, extremism, and transnational organized crime both bilaterally and within the frameworks of the UN, SCO, and BRICS. The parties are committed to strengthening cross-border cooperation between territorial law enforcement agencies of both countries.
They emphasize the impermissibility of interference in the sovereign affairs of states through the use of multilateral or national justice systems or by assisting foreign judicial bodies or multilateral legal mechanisms. They express deep concern about the politicization of international criminal justice and the associated violations of human rights and sovereign immunities. The parties acknowledge that the application of such measures by any state or group
of states is unlawful, contravenes universally recognized principles and norms of international law, and limits the capabilities of the international community in combating crime.
The parties are convinced that in accordance with the basic principle of international law of sovereign equality of states, international obligations relating to state immunities and their property (including sovereign reserves) must be strictly observed. The parties condemn initiatives to expropriate assets and property of foreign states and emphasize the right of such states to take countermeasures in accordance with international legal norms. The parties are determined to mutually protect state property located on their respective territories and ensure guarantees for the preservation, inviolability, and timely return of state property of one of the parties when temporarily exported to the territory of Russia or China.
The parties intend to improve mechanisms for the recognition and enforcement of judicial decisions provided for in the Treaty between the Russian Federation and the People's Republic of China on Legal Assistance in Civil and Criminal Matters of June 19, 1992.
The parties will continue to strengthen practical cooperation.
Inresponding to emergencies, the parties will develop cooperation in space monitoring and aviation rescue technologies to prevent and mitigate the consequences of emergencies, provide assistance to disaster victims, ensure workplace safety, conduct joint drills, and training exercises for rescue services.
III
The parties view practical cooperation between Russia and China as an important factor in stimulating socio-economic development and joint prosperity of the two countries, ensuring their modernization, technological progress, and sovereignty of national economies, improving the welfare of citizens, maintaining stability and resilience of the global economic system, and
confirming readiness to promote mutually beneficial inclusive economic globalization. The parties are pleased to note the progressive advancement and positive results of Russian-Chinese practical cooperation in all spheres, confirming readiness to continue deepening multifaceted cooperation and close coordination based on the principle of mutual benefit, jointly overcoming
external challenges and adverse factors, and enhancing the effectiveness of bilateral cooperation for its stable and high-quality development. To achieve these goals, they have agreed:
Guided by the Joint Statement of the President of the Russian Federation and the Chairman of the People's Republic of China on the Plan for the Development of Key Directions of Russian-Chinese Economic Cooperation until 2030, the parties will vigorously advance high-quality cooperation in all spheres.
They will consistently increase the scale of bilateral trade and optimize its structure, deepen cooperation in the trade in services, e-commerce, digital economy, and sustainable development, jointly uphold the stability and security of production and supply chains.
They welcome the holding of the 8th Russian-Chinese EXPO in Harbin, support the participation of representatives from Russia and China in key forums and exhibition events organized in the territories of both countries.
Consistently elevate the level of investment cooperation, facilitate the implementation of major projects, ensure the protection of rights and interests of investors, and create equal and fair conditions for capital investment. Actively utilize and expand the potential of intergovernmental coordination mechanisms in the field of investments. Continue efforts towards the swift modernization of the Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the People's Republic of China on the encouragement and mutual protection of
investments.
Accelerate the development and approval of a new version of the Russian-Chinese Investment
Cooperation Plan in 2024, and vigorously promote its practical implementation to enhance the outcomes of bilateral cooperation in the investment sphere.
Continue to strengthen the Russian-Chinesestrategic partnership in the energy sector, developing it at a high level in the interests of ensuring the economic and energy security of both countries. Strive for stability and sustainability in the global energy market, and reinforce production and supply chains in the fuel and energy complex. Develop market-based cooperation in the fields of oil, natural gas, liquefied natural gas (LNG), coal, and electricity, ensuring the stable operation of the corresponding transboundary infrastructure and creating conditions for unhindered transportation of energy resources. Provide support for major joint energy projects implemented by Russian and Chinese enterprises, and deepen cooperation in promising areas such as renewable energy sources, hydrogen energy, and carbon markets.
Deepen partnership in the field of peaceful nuclear energy based on the accumulated experience of successfully implemented and ongoing projects, including such directions as thermonuclear fusion, fast neutron reactors, and closed nuclear fuel cycle. Develop comprehensive cooperation at the initial stage of the nuclear fuel cycle and jointly construct new nuclear power plants based on the principle of mutual benefit and balanced interests.
Increase the share of national currencies in bilateral trade, investments, lending, and other economic transactions. Improve the financial infrastructure to ensure seamless channels of settlement between economic entities of Russia and China. Strengthen cooperation in banking and insurance regulation, promote the sustainable development of banking and insurance institutions of both countries established on each other's territories. Encourage mutual investments, issuance of debt instruments by borrowers in the Russian and Chinese financial markets while adhering to market principles. Support further development of cooperation in insurance and reinsurance, create favorable conditions in the payment sphere, including to facilitate growth in mutual tourist flow. Based on mutual recognition of equivalence of accounting standards (for bond issuance purposes), audit standards, and audit supervision of Russia and China, actively promote mutually beneficial cooperation in practical areas.
Foster cooperation between the financial intelligence units of Russia and China to jointly prevent money laundering and terrorist financing risks. Continue strengthening coordination on multilateral platforms in the fight against money laundering.
Elevate cooperation in industry and innovation to a new level, jointly develop cutting-edge sectors, enhance technological and manufacturing cooperation, including in civil aviation, shipbuilding, automotive manufacturing, machinery manufacturing, electronics industry, metallurgy, iron ore mining, chemical industry, and forestry. Create favorable conditions for the implementation of promising projects in priority areas for both parties, increase bilateral trade
flows of industrial products, and enhance their share in bilateral trade, fostering industrial modernization in both countries.
Promote mutually beneficial cooperation in the field of information and communication technologies, including artificial intelligence, telecommunications, software development, Internet of Things, open-source software, network and data security, video games, radio frequency coordination, specialized education, and industry-specific research activities.
Strengthen long-term partnership in space exploration by implementing large-scale projects that align with the common interests of Russia and China and are integrated into national space programs. This includes the creation of the International Lunar Science Station, lunar and deep space exploration, and collaboration in utilizing satellite navigation systems such as GLONASS and BeiDou.
In the agricultural sector, it's crucial to harness significant cooperation potential by expanding mutual access to agricultural products in both countries' markets. This entails increasing trade volumes of soy and its processed products, as well as pork, aquaculture, grains, oils, fruits and vegetables, nuts, and other produce. Strengthening investment cooperation in the agricultural sphere is also paramount. Continuing to explore the establishment of Russian-Chinese pilot and demonstration zones for agricultural cooperation in the Russian Far East and other regions of Russia remains a priority.
Deepening collaboration in transportation, logistics, and border checkpoints is essential. This involves forming stable, uninterrupted, and sustainable transportation and logistics corridors, developing direct and transit routes between Russia and China. Joint efforts should be made to synchronize infrastructure development, strengthen regulated management, and enhance the
efficiency of control procedures at border checkpoints to ensure stable and uninterrupted movement of goods and passengers. Increasing the volume and transportation capabilities of rail transport along the China-Europe route through Russian territory is also important. Collaboratively ensuring safe and efficient transportation of goods is crucial.
Guided by the strategic nature of the Russian-Chinese partnership, actively promoting the further development of air transportation is necessary. Encouraging airlines from both sides to increase the number of flights and expand flight routes between the two countries in accordance with existing regulations is a priority.
Deepening cooperation in customs affairs with a focus on promoting interaction in utilizing the "single window" mechanism, implementing modern control mechanisms, and automating customs administration processes is essential. This will further facilitate mutual trade, enhance the transparency of export-import operations, and effectively combat customs violations.
Strengthening the exchange of experiences and practices in the protection and use of intellectual property rights is crucial. It's important to fully recognize the role of intellectual property in promoting scientific and technological innovation and socio-economic development.
Enhancing mutually beneficial cooperation in the field of competition policy, including through interaction in law enforcement and ensuring conditions for competition in commodity markets, including digital ones, contributes to creating favorable conditions for Russian-Chinese trade and economic cooperation.
Facilitating further advancement of cooperation in industrial, infrastructure, and housing construction, as well as urban development, is crucial.
Establishing, within the framework of the Russian-Chinese Commission for the Preparation of Regular Meetings of Heads of Government, a Subcommission on the Development of the Northern Sea Route and promoting mutually beneficial cooperation in the exploration and use of the Arctic, while ensuring the preservation and conservation of the region's ecological system, is important. Promoting the use of the Northern Sea Route as a significant international transport corridor and encouraging companies from both countries to strengthen cooperation in areas such as increasing freight traffic along the Northern Sea Route and building logistical infrastructure is also essential. Deepening collaboration in the field of Arctic shipbuilding, including technological cooperation, is a key aspect of this endeavor.
Continuing to actively support the development of interregional and cross-border cooperation and expanding comprehensive exchanges between cities and municipalities of the two countries is essential. Promoting investment cooperation and establishing joint industrial and high-tech productions in preferential regimes in the Russian Far East based on market principles and commercial principles are also important.
Collaboratively developing Bolshoy Ussuriysky Island (Heixiazi Island) based on the principles
of good neighborliness and respect for the sovereign rights of states is a priority. Accelerating the agreement on the Russian-Chinese intergovernmental agreement on ship navigation in the waters surrounding and adjacent to the Tarabarov Islands and Bolshoy Ussuriysky Island (Heixiazi Island) is crucial.
Both parties, along with the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, will continue constructive exchanges of views on the navigation of Chinese vessels in the lower reaches of the Tumen River. Strengthening cooperation in environmental protection, including in areas such as protecting transboundary water bodies, emergency communication in case of environmental pollution, preserving biodiversity, and solid waste management, is also imperative.
Continuing close collaboration to improve the quality of the environment in the border regions of Russia and China remains a priority.
Efforts should also persist in further developing cooperation between the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) and China within the framework of the Agreement on Trade and Economic Cooperation between the EAEU and its member states, on one hand, and the People's Republic of China, on the other hand, dated May 17, 2018. This includes aligning the development plans of the EAEU and the "Belt and Road" initiative to deepen comprehensive cooperation and strengthen transport connectivity in the Eurasian region.
Continuing the implementation of the agreement between the leaders of the two countries on the parallel and coordinated development of the Great Eurasian Partnership and the "Belt and Road" initiative is essential for creating conditions for sustainable sovereign socio-economic development in Eurasian states.
Moreover, sustaining trilateral cooperation in accordance with the principles outlined in the Roadmap for Cooperation between the Russian Federation, the People's Republic of China, and Mongolia in the medium term, as well as within the framework of the Program for the Creation of the Russia-Mongolia-China Economic Corridor, is vital.
The parties recognize the key and long-term importance of humanitarian ties in deepening mutual understanding and transmitting the traditions of neighborliness and centuries-old friendship between the peoples of Russia and China from generation to generation, and in strengthening the social foundation of interstate relations. The parties intend to make active joint efforts to further expand the scope, raise the level of bilateral humanitarian cooperation, and multiply its achievements. To this end, they have agreed to:
Gradually strengthen cooperation in the field of education, improve its legislative framework, increase the scale and effectiveness of education for Russian citizens in China and Chinese citizens in Russia, promote the popularization of Russian and Chinese language studies, encourage exchanges between educational organizations, create joint educational institutions and programs for training highly qualified personnel, conduct joint inter-university scientific research, including in the field of fundamental sciences, support the activities of associations of specialized universities and secondary schools, deepen cooperation in the field of professional and digital education.
Deepen scientific and technical exchanges,realize the potential for cooperation in fundamental and applied research, including expanding collaboration within "megascience" projects, supporting the construction of joint state-of-the-art laboratories and advanced research centers to maintain the initiative in the scientific and technical development of Russia and China, promote personnel exchanges, and conduct joint interdisciplinary research on climate change.
Fully utilize the Russia-China Cultural Years held in 2024-2025 to promote interaction across all areas, including performing arts, museum and library affairs, cultural heritage preservation, creative education, and creative industries. Expand the geography of cultural exchanges by actively involving youth and creative groups from regions of Russia and China. Continue the
tradition of hosting festivals of national culture, library forums, the Russia-China Cultural and Art Fair. Encourage the development of new initiatives, including the establishment of an international popular song competition called "Intervision." In advancing dialogue, cooperation,
and exchange of experience, the parties will be guided by the recognition of cultural and civilizational diversity, uniqueness as the basis of a multipolar world; counteract the politicization of culture, attempts to "cancel culture" of individual countries and peoples, desecration and dismantling of monuments, religious objects, oppose approaches based on discrimination,
xenophobia, and cultural domination, promote the expansion of the circle of countries sharing the principles of respecting traditional moral and ethical values;
Developa dialogue on the preservation, study, restoration, and use of historical religious and memorial objects, monuments of historical and cultural heritage.
Strengthen cooperation in the field of cinematography. China supports Russia's initiative to establish the Eurasian Academy of Cinematographic Arts and the creation of the Open Eurasian Film Award, and will positively consider the selection of films for participation in related award events;
Consistently advance multi-dimensional cooperation in healthcare, focusing on collaboration
in areas such as disaster medicine, infectious diseases, oncology and nuclear medicine, ophthalmology, pharmacology, women's and children's health. Utilize cutting-edge experience in modern medical technologies and contribute to the training of highly qualified medical professionals;
Develop cooperation in the prevention and control of infectious diseases, sanitary protection of territories with cross-border spread of infections, enhance early cning and response capabilities to biological threats, ensure biological sovereignty of the two countries, with special attention to cooperation in border regions of Russia and China.
Highly appreciating the results of the Russian-Chinese cooperation in physical culture and sports in 2022-2023, the parties intend to continue practical interaction in the sports sphere and deepen connections across all projects. The Chinese side highly values Russia's hosting of the first International Multisport Tournament "Games of the Future" in 2024 in Kazan and supports Russia's hosting of the BRICS Sports Games. Both parties oppose the politicization of sports and its use as a tool for discriminating against athletes based on nationality, language, religion, political or other beliefs, race, or social origin. They will encourage the international community to engage in fair and equal international sports interaction, in accordance with the spirit and principles of Olympism;
They will expand cooperation in tourism, creating favorable conditions to increase the number of mutual tourist trips and promoting cross-border tourism routes. They will jointly implement the Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the People's Republic of China on visa-free group tourist trips of February 29, 2000, and expedite negotiations for its prompt amendment.
Strengthening media exchanges between the two countries, facilitating mutual visits of specialists at all levels, supporting practical professional dialogue, and actively collaborating in creating high-quality content are essential.
Continuously developing the potential for cooperation in new media and emerging technologies in mass communications aims to provide objective and comprehensive coverage of global events and promote credible information in the global media space. Continuing to support cooperation and knowledge exchange between organizations of the two countries in translation and publishing, facilitating mutual television channel broadcasts and programs, is vital.
Supporting collaboration between archival institutions, including exchanging advanced work
experience and archival information, as well as jointly preparing archival publications and implementing exhibition projects dedicated to the history of Russia and China and their relations, is important.
Facilitating the work of the Russian-Chinese Committee for Friendship, Peace, and Development, encouraging interaction among friendship societies and other public associations aimed at fostering informal exchanges and deepening mutual understanding between the peoples of Russia and China, strengthening contacts between analytical and expert centers of the two countries is crucial.
Enhancing youth cooperation, fostering spiritual, moral, and patriotic education, shaping traditional value systems, supporting youth entrepreneurship and creative-innovative activities, volunteerism, and promoting constructive engagement are essential. In the context of the importance of preserving and enhancing the legacy of the World Festival of Youth and Students and the World Youth Development Forum, deepening youth exchanges at all levels, coordinating
at multilateral youth platforms to advance common positions on international cooperation development is imperative.
V
The parties affirm their commitment to promoting the formation of a fairer and more sustainable multipolar world order, as well as the unwavering respect for and adherence to the purposes and principles of the UN Charter in their entirety and interrelation, to safeguard genuine multilateralism. The parties attach special importance to the need for further activation of the activities of the Group of Friends in defense of the UN Charter.
The parties express mutual readiness for the progressive development of bilateral cooperation within the framework of the UN, including the UN General Assembly and the UN Security Council. In this context, the parties note the necessity of strengthening Russian-Chinese coordination in addressing key issues on the international agenda in various UN forums.
The parties intend to continue joint efforts aimed at developing constructive dialogue and cooperation on the theme of multilateral human rights interaction, promoting universal values, countering the politicization of the human rights agenda, the policy of "double standards," and the use of human rights issues as a tool for interfering in the internal affairs of sovereign states.
They will jointly promote the healthy development of all aspects of the international agenda on human rights.
In the interest of strengthening public health worldwide, the parties will continue close coordination on global health issues, including supporting the role of the World Health Organization and resisting attempts to politicize its activities.
The parties are firmly committed to developing an open, inclusive, transparent, and non-discriminatory multilateral trading system based on the rules of the World Trade Organization (WTO). They are prepared to strengthen cooperation within the WTO, promote organization reform, including efforts to restore a fully functioning dispute settlement mechanism, and facilitate the implementation of outcomes of the 13th WTO Ministerial Conference. The parties oppose the politicization of international economic relations, including the activities of multilateral trade, financial, energy, and transportation organizations that provoke fragmentation of global trade, increased protectionism, and unfair competition.
The parties condemn cynical actions taken outside the UN Security Council that violate the UN Charter and international law, impede access to justice, and measures that contradict WTO rules. Restrictions that contravene WTO rules hinder the development of free trade and negatively impact global production and supply chains. Russia and China vehemently oppose such actions.
Furthermore, the parties emphasized their interest in strengthening cooperation in multilateral sectoral platforms to promote common approaches and counteract the politicization of the work of international structures.
The parties consider their joint work within the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) as an important direction for deepening the comprehensive partnership and strategic interaction between the two states. They will continue coordinated efforts aimed at further developing the SCO as an authoritative and influential multilateral association, enhancing its role in shaping a new, fair, sustainable, and multipolar world order.
In cooperation with other member states of the SCO, the parties will enhance the organization's activities, strengthen cooperation potential in the fields of politics, security, economy, and humanitarian affairs, in the interest of transforming Eurasia into a common space of peace, stability, mutual trust, development, and prosperity.
The Chinese side will provide comprehensive support to the Russian side as the chair of BRICS in 2024 and will facilitate the successful hosting of the 16th BRICS Summit.
Both parties are ready to implement the agreements reached during past BRICS summits in collaboration with other BRICS participants. They will support the integration of new member states into the existing structure of BRICS cooperation and explore a model for partner countries. In line with the spirit of BRICS, they will continue to promote the increased role of BRICS in global
affairs, the formation of a global agenda, and dynamically develop cooperation in the "outreach" or "BRICS Plus" format.
The parties will work to enhance coordination among BRICS countries on international platforms, strengthen cooperation in trade, the digital economy, public health, and facilitate the effective advancement of dialogue on the use of national currencies, payment instruments, and platforms in mutual trade operations among BRICS countries.
Both parties consider it necessary to further strengthen UNESCO's potential as a universal intergovernmental humanitarian forum, promoting respectful and professional dialogue aimed at achieving consensus among member states and advancing a unifying agenda.
The parties highly appreciate the constructive cooperation between Russia and China within the G20 and reaffirm their intention to continue their joint efforts in promoting inclusive and mutually beneficial processes of economic globalization. They aim to adopt balanced consensus-based measures to address key economic and financial challenges and advocate for fair reform of the global governance system, with a focus on enhancing the representation of
Global South countries in the management of the global economy. The parties welcome the African Union's accession to the G20 as a full member and are ready to engage in joint constructive efforts for the benefit of emerging markets and developing countries.
The parties will continue their close and mutually beneficial coordination within the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) forum, striving for comprehensive and balanced implementation of the Putrajaya Vision 2040 and the establishment of the Asia-Pacific Community. To achieve these goals, the parties intend to jointly promote fundamental approaches to building an open global economy, fostering regional integration in the Asia-Pacific region, liberalizing and facilitating trade and investment, stabilizing and facilitating the functioning of cross-border production and supply chains, digitalization, green transition, and sustainable development in the Asia-Pacific region for the prosperity of its peoples.
The Russian side highly appreciates the Global Initiative on Development and will continue to participate in the work of the Friends of the Global Initiative on Development group. The parties will continue to focus the attention of the international community on development issues, increase investments, and deepen practical cooperation for development, contributing to the accelerated implementation of the UN 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.
The parties express concern about the current state of international security, characterized by growing regional and global conflict, overall instability, and the escalation of strategic risks due to heightened interstate tensions, including those between nuclear-armed states.
VII
Reaffirming their commitment to the Joint Statement by the Leaders of the Five Nuclear-Weapon States on Preventing Nuclear War and Avoiding an Arms Race from January 3, 2022, especially emphasizing that there can be no winners in a nuclear war, and it must never be fought, the parties once again call on all countries participating in this document to adhere to its provisions in practice.
The parties advocate for nuclear powers to safeguard global strategic stability, adhere to the principle of equal and indivisible security, and refrain from encroaching on each other's vital interests - particularly by expanding military alliances and coalitions and creating military bases close to the borders of other nuclear states, especially through advanced deployment of nuclear weapons and their delivery means, as well as other military-strategic infrastructure. The priority task of preventing direct military confrontation between nuclear powers should be addressed comprehensively with a focus on eliminating the root causes of fundamental security contradictions between them.
Russia and China support the successful advancement of the review process of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT), as well as oppose its use, as well as the treaty itself, for political purposes unrelated to its subject matter.
The parties reaffirm serious concerns regarding attempts by the United States to disrupt the strategic balance in order to secure decisive military advantage. This is primarily associated with the U.S. activities in creating a global missile defense system and deploying its elements in various regions of the world and in space, which is happening in conjunction with the buildup of the potential of precision non-nuclear weapons for "disarming" and "decapitating" strikes, along with the schemes of "joint nuclear missions" of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) in Europe.
and"extended nuclear deterrence" involving certain of their allied countries, the construction in Australia, which is a party to the Treaty of the South Pacific Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone, of infrastructure in the South Pacific capable of supporting the actions of U.S. and/or British nuclear forces, as well as the implementation of a program of cooperation in the construction of nuclear submarines between the United States, the United Kingdom, and Australia, and the Washington's plans for the deployment of intermediate-range and shorter-range missiles (INF) in ground-based form in the Asia-Pacific and European regions, including their transfer to their allies.
The latter of these factors cannot fail to cause particular and very deep concern at present in light of the actions of the United States, which have begun to redeploy ground-based complexes capable of launching INFs to these regions under the pretext of conducting joint exercises with allies that have an overtly anti-Russian and anti-Chinese orientation. Statements also emanate from Washington.
The parties strongly condemn these extremely destabilizing steps, which pose a direct threat to the security of Russia and China, and intend to increase interaction and enhance coordination to counteract Washington's destructive and hostile course towards the so-called "dual containment" of our countries.
The parties confirm the need for strict compliance with and consistent strengthening of the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and on their Destruction (BWC) of December 16, 1971, including through its institutionalization, as well as the adoption of a legally binding protocol with an effective verification mechanism. The parties demand that the United States cease military-biological activities carried out on their national territory and beyond, which threaten the security of other states and relevant regions.
The parties oppose attempts by individual countries to use outer space for armed confrontation and will counter policies in the field of security and activities aimed at achieving military superiority and its official consolidation and use as a "battleground." The parties confirm the need for prompt commencement of negotiations on the basis of the Russian-Chinese draft treaty on the prevention of the placement of weapons in outer space, the threat or use of force against space objects, a multilaterally legally binding instrument that would provide fundamental and reliable guarantees to prevent an arms race in space, the placement of weapons in outer space, and the threat or use of force against space objects or with their help. The parties advocate for the globalization of the international initiative/political commitment not to be the first to place weapons in outer space in order to strengthen international peace, ensure equal and indivisible security for all, and increase predictability and sustainability of states' activities in exploring and using outer space for peaceful purposes.
The parties are committed to the goal of building a world free from chemical weapons and are deeply concerned about the politicization of the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW). They emphasize the importance of fully complying with the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) as an important disarmament and non-proliferation instrument. They call on Japan to comprehensively, fully, and accurately implement the Plan for the Destruction of Chemical Weapons Left by Japan on Chinese Territory after 2022, thereby accelerating the destruction of these chemical weapons left in China.
The parties will continue to coordinate their actions on the issue of chemical disarmament and non-proliferation of chemical weapons with the aim of restoring the authority of the OPCW and returning its work to a technically depoliticized channel.
Confirming their commitment to the obligations arising from the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT), the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC), and the Biological Weapons Convention (BWC) regarding export controls, the parties reject attempts to substitute the original objectives of the non-proliferation regime with false political agendas. They oppose politicizing international cooperation in export control and using relevant mechanisms and tools for pressuring and technologically constraining other states, as well as serving their own situational objectives and illegitimate policies of unilateral restrictive measures.
The parties reaffirm their readiness to promote comprehensive and effective implementation of the United Nations General Assembly resolution "Promotion of international cooperation in the field of peaceful uses of outer space in the context of international security."
The parties intend to deepen their cooperation in combating international terrorism and extremism, demonstrating "zero tolerance" towards the "three forces of evil," including the "Eastern Turkistan Islamic Movement," and strengthen cooperation in combating transnational organized crime, corruption, illegal trafficking of narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances, and their precursors, as well as other emerging challenges and threats.
Both sides attach great importance to artificial intelligence (AI) issues and are committed to enhancing dialogue and cooperation in the development, security, and regulation of AI. The Russian side welcomes the Chinese Global Governance Initiative on Artificial Intelligence, while the Chinese side welcomes the ethical principles of artificial intelligence proposed by the Russian side and enshrined in the Russian Code of Ethics in the field of artificial intelligence. The parties have agreed to establish a mechanism for regular consultations to strengthen cooperation in the development of artificial intelligence and open-source technologies, coordinate approaches to the consideration of AI regulation issues on international platforms, and support each other in hosting specialized international conferences.
The parties reaffirm their shared approaches to ensuring security in the field of information and communication technologies (ICT) and are ready to jointly counter various threats on the Internet, including those related to artificial intelligence. They welcome global efforts for the healthy development of artificial intelligence for the benefit of humanity, international cooperation in strengthening AI capabilities, and addressing the proper use of AI for military purposes. They support exchanges and collaboration on artificial intelligence issues in platforms such as the United Nations, the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), BRICS, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO), and the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). The parties oppose the monopolization of technologies, the use of unilateral coercive measures to maliciously restrain the development of artificial intelligence in individual states, and the disruption of global supply chains in the AI sector.
The parties acknowledge the leading role of the United Nations in developing universal rules in the field of international information security. They support the work of the UN Open-ended Working Group on Security in the Use of Information and Communications Technologies (ICTs) and ICTs themselves for 2021–2025 as the primary global negotiating platform on this issue, advocating for its permanent nature. The parties are convinced of the need to develop new rules of responsible state behavior in the information space, particularly through the adoption of a universally legally binding document laying the foundation for an international legal regime regulating the information space to prevent interstate conflicts. This regime will contribute to the formation of a peaceful, open, secure, stable, interconnected, and accessible ICT environment. The parties deem it necessary to conclude the development within the UN Special Committee on a comprehensive convention on countering the use of information and communication technologies for criminal purposes in fulfillment of UN General Assembly Resolution 74/247.
The parties advocate for a multilateral, democratic, and transparent global Internet governance system while ensuring the security and stability of national Internet segments.
They express readiness for further coordination within the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO), BRICS, and other multilateral formats, and are interested in deepening bilateral cooperation in ensuring international information security involving competent authorities in accordance with the existing contractual and legal framework.
VIII
The parties are taking measures to combat climate change, reaffirming their commitment to the goals, principles, and structural framework of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change of May 9, 1992, and the Paris Agreement of December 12, 2015, especially the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities. The parties emphasize that financial support from developed countries to developing countries is crucial for enhancing measures to reduce the rate of global temperature rise and adapt to the adverse effects of climate change. They oppose the creation of trade barriers under the pretext of combating climate change and linking climate issues to threats to international peace and security.
The parties welcome the adoption of the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework at the 15th session of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity under the chairmanship of the People's Republic of China, contributing to the harmonious development of humanity and nature, promoting global sustainable development.
Moscow and Beijing express their determination to step up efforts to combat plastic pollution, taking into account the specific situation and sovereignty of each state, and to jointly develop a mandatory instrument to combat environmental pollution, including marine pollution, by plastic waste, with other states.
The parties express serious concern about Japan's decision to discharge water containing radionuclides into the ocean from the Fukushima-1 nuclear power plant, demanding that Japan responsibly handle the safe disposal of such water, agree to strict international monitoring, and respect the requirements of concerned countries for independent monitoring.
The Russian side positively assesses China's objective and unbiased position on the Ukrainian issue, shares the approach according to which conflicts should be resolved on the basis of the UN Charter in its entirety and comprehensiveness.
The Russian side welcomes China's readiness to play a constructive role in the political and diplomatic resolution of the Ukrainian crisis.
Both parties note the need to cease any actions that contribute to the prolongation of hostilities and further escalation of the conflict, calling for prevention of its transition into an uncontrolled phase, emphasizing the importance of dialogue as the optimal way to resolve the Ukrainian crisis.
Both parties proceed from the premise that for a sustainable resolution of the Ukrainian crisis, it is necessary to address its root causes and adhere to the principle of indivisibility of security, taking into account the legitimate interests and concerns of all countries in the field of security.
X
The parties are convinced that the fates of the peoples of all countries are interconnected, and no state should ensure its security at the expense of the security of other states. In this regard, they express concern about the real challenges in the field of international and regional security and note that the emerging new geopolitical realities highlight the need for the formation of a sustainable security system in the Eurasian space that fully corresponds to the principle of equal and indivisible security.
The parties call on relevant countries and organizations to cease pursuing confrontational policies and interfering in the internal affairs of other states, undermining the existing security architecture, creating new dividing lines between countries, provoking regional tensions, and fostering bloc confrontation.
The parties declare their rejection of the creation of closed alliances and bloc structures in the Asia-Pacific region, including military alliances and coalitions directed against any third party. The parties note the negative impact on regional peace and stability of the "Indo-Pacific" strategy of the United States, synchronized with the destructive line of NATO in the Asia-Pacific region.
The parties express serious concern about the implications for strategic stability in the Asia-Pacific region resulting from the implementation of the AUKUS project (USA - UK - Australia) in all its aspects.
The parties will enhance coordination on deepening interaction with the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), continue joint efforts to strengthen its central role in the multilateral architecture of the Asia-Pacific region, and contribute to enhancing the effectiveness of ASEAN-centric mechanisms, including the East Asia Summit and the ASEAN Regional Forum on Security.
The Russian side supports China's efforts and those of ASEAN countries in jointly safeguarding peace and stability in the South China Sea. The parties acknowledge that the issue of the South China Sea should be resolved by the parties directly involved through negotiations and consultations, firmly opposing the intervention of non-regional forces in this matter. The Russian side supports the full and effective implementation by China and ASEAN countries of the Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea and welcomes the expeditious formulation of a Code of Conduct in the South China Sea.
The parties oppose hegemonic attempts by the United States to alter the balance of power in Northeast Asia by increasing military power and forming military blocs and coalitions. The United States continues to think in terms of the "Cold War" and is guided by the logic of bloc confrontation, prioritizing the security of "narrow groups" over regional security and stability, which poses a security threat to all countries in the region. The United States must abandon such behavior.
The parties oppose the United States and itsallies' military intimidation actions that provoke further confrontation with North Korea, leading to armed incidents and escalating the situation on the Korean Peninsula. The parties strongly urge the United States to take practical steps to de-escalate military tensions and create favorable conditions, including refraining from blackmail, sanctions, and pressure, to resume the negotiating process involving North Korea and other involved states based on principles of mutual respect and mutual consideration of security concerns.
Confirming their unwavering commitment to resolving all issues on the Korean Peninsula exclusively through political and diplomatic means, the parties call on the international community to support constructive joint Russian-Chinese initiatives.
The parties stand in solidarity in their efforts to strengthen peace and stability in the Middle East and oppose interference in the internal affairs of the region's countries. They express their commitment to a comprehensive, fair, and long-term resolution of the Palestinian issue based on well-known international legal principles, with a key element being the two-state formula. This formula entails the establishment of an independent Palestinian state within the 1967 borders, with its capital in East Jerusalem, coexisting peacefully and securely with Israel.
The parties express their support for the sovereignty, independence, unity, and territorial integrity of Syria and Libya, and they facilitate the advancement of the political settlement process led and implemented by the citizens of these countries.
The parties will actively cooperate to strengthen security in the Persian Gulf region and assist countries in the region in building mutual trust and achieving sustainable development.
The parties express their intention to enhance partnership cooperation on the Afghan front, both bilaterally and in multilateral formats, aimed at facilitating Afghanistan's development as an independent, neutral, unified, and peaceful state, free from terrorism and drugs, coexisting in peace and harmony with all neighboring countries. The parties note and support the active and constructive role of regional platforms in the political settlement of the Afghan issue, including the Moscow Format of Consultations on Afghanistan, the Mechanism of Afghanistan's Neighboring Countries, the regional "quartet" of Russia, China, Iran, and Pakistan, and the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO).
The parties emphasize that the United States and NATO, being responsible for their 20-year occupation of Afghanistan, the United States and NATO should not attempt to redeploy military infrastructure in the country or the surrounding region. They must take primary responsibility for the current socio-economic difficulties in the country, confirm their support for its post-conflict reconstruction, and take all necessary measures to unlock frozen Afghan
national reserves.
The parties acknowledge the important role of the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) and the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) in ensuring regional stability, including combating international terrorism, illegal drug production and trafficking, organized crime, and other transboundary challenges and threats. The parties emphasize the potential for developing multifaceted cooperation between the CSTO and China to maintain peace and security in Eurasia and jointly counter external challenges.
Based on their strong interest in friendly, stable, and prosperous neighborhood, the parties will continue to jointly develop mutually beneficial cooperation with the countries of the Central Asian region, enhance interaction within the SCO, the Conference on Interaction and Confidence-Building Measures in Asia (CICA), the UN, and other international organizations and multilateral mechanisms.
The parties are united in the belief that establishing peace, stability, andachieving genuine independence and autonomy by African states are fundamental to the development and prosperity of the continent. They call for maintaining a favorable and healthy atmosphere of international cooperation with Africa, and to this end, they will continue to strengthen contacts and coordination on African issues, contribute to and support the efforts of African countries to resolve problems through African methods.
The parties express readiness for further enhancing strategic cooperation and aligning efforts in the Latin American and Caribbean Basin (LACB) region.
They anticipate strengthening multi-dimensional cooperation with the respective states of the LACB and their unions, including the Community of Latin American and Caribbean States (CELAC), the Southern Common Market (MERCOSUR), the Pacific Alliance (PA), the Andean Community (CAN), the Bolivarian Alliance for the Peoples of Our America (ALBA), the Central American Integration System (SICA), the Caribbean Community (CARICOM), and other regional organizations, as well as within international formats, including the UN, the Group of Twenty (G20), and BRICS.
The parties express interest in preserving the Arctic as a territory of peace, low military-political tension, and stability, as well as in developing constructive dialogue and mutually beneficial cooperation in this region.
DISCLAIMER: The English version is atranslation of the original in Russian for information purposes only. In case of a discrepancy, the Russian original will prevail. We make no claims as to the accuracy of this translation.
